Evaluating the long-term lifecycle of raw material extraction requires examining both the active operational impacts and the post-closure risks of mining sites within broader social-ecological-technological systems. While modern mining policies often treat regional development paths and the compounding effects of climate change in a cursory manner, transitioning toward sustainable development requires robust analytical frameworks capable of evaluating how industrial infrastructure projects fundamentally reshape regional dynamics. This socio-technical approach is equally vital when transforming closed mining sites into alternative assets—such as renewable energy hubs, agricultural projects, or geotourism developments; managing these post-mining transitions effectively demands comprehensive multi-hazard frameworks, public-private partnerships, and the deep integration of social-level risk factors alongside traditional technical engineering assessments.
